Essay on Welfare Reform System Building American Economy...

â€Å"Welfare epitomizes America’s basic bargain, providing opportunity and in return, demanding responsibility† (Clinton). When President Lyndon B. Johnson enacted Welfare in 1966, it was a system envisioned to be an aide for the common man; a support structure that would prevent financial disasters for the individual. Since that time, Welfare has been reformed, deformed, and become abused by the very people it was created to empower. Welfare has been manipulated into a way of life for over 40 million Americans through outrageous benefits and unearned paychecks being supplied at an endless rate. This issue harms not only the economy as a whole, but also the individuals who receive such benefits. Welfare checks have become free handouts to†¦show more content†¦Otherwise, those who have financial need will remain content to collect an absurdly large Welfare check with no effort required than to seek employment at a much lower income rate, thus acting as â€Å"a leech upon the hardworking taxpayers who make Welfare possible† (â€Å"Welfare Flaws†). To prevent this, Welfare benefits must be reduced to the same rate as minimum wage, giving recipients the needed motivation to seek employment and a steady financial plan because Welfare checks will no longer present a more viable way of life. The reductions would take place immediately to slowly work people off Welfare and back into society as productive employed citizens. Income cuts for Welfare recipients may not be enough to encourage citizens to leave Welfare, so instituting a work requirement for people to receive Welfare benefits would certainly be a feasible option. â€Å"To the unemployed, work experience and job skills are the number one most lacking in area†¦just ahead of the lack of motivation† (â€Å"Renewing America†). Newt Gingrich has been a strong proponent against free welfare handouts, proclaiming them to be a form of â€Å"government subsidized laziness† where those who have been responsible enough to ensure and achieve a state of wellbeing are forced to not only care for themselves butShow MoreRelatedHow the New Deal Failed to Achieve Its Objectives1279 Words   |  6 Pages part of the new deal was based on the ‘Alphabet Agencies’ which were numerous amount of authorities/acts which were set up to either provide relief (for the people who had been affected by the great depression), reform (ch anging things to stop another crash from happening) and recovery (getting the economy going again). The main purpose for the New Deal was to get the economy going again and to give people the confidence again to spend. 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Fiction Essay Yellow Wallpaper and Story of the Hour

Victoria Reyes English 104-OL5 Professor Steiner September 9, 2013 â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper and Story of The Hour: A Character Analysis† Marriage has often been described as one of the most beautiful and powerful unions one human can form with another. It is the sacred commitment and devotion that two people share in a relationship that makes marriage so appealing since ancient times, up until today. To have and to hold, until death do us part, are the guarantees that two individuals make to one another as they pledge to become one in marriage. It is easy to assume that the guarantee of marriage directly places individuals in an everlasting state of love, affection, and support. However, over the years, marriage has lost its fairy†¦show more content†¦This implies that she’s lost all hope of communication and understanding between her and John in their marriage. She no longer holds the hope that she will get better with the help and support of her husband. This only throws the woman farther and deeper into depression in the prison of her mind. Because she lacked the feelings of fulfillment, love and support, she fell into a deep and dark depression that affected her both physically and emotionally. The narrator shares her constant hallucinations of a woman that dwells inside of the wallpaper. The front pattern does move—and no wonder! The woman behind shakes it! Sometimes I think there are a great many women behind, and sometimes only one, and she crawls around fast, and her crawling shakes it all over. Then in the very bright spots she keeps still, and in the very shady spots she just takes hold of the bars and shakes them hard. And she is all the time trying to climb through. But nobody could climb through that pattern—it strangles so; I think that is why it has so many heads. They get through, and then the pattern strangles them off and turns them upside down, and makes their eyes white! (Gilman line 187-189). This woman she sees in the wallpaper would be symbolic of herself, and the battle of imprisonment that she was feeling internally.Show MoreRelatedComparison Essay of The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour958 Words   |  4 PagesEN-111 Essay â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin are two different stories with the women both suffering from an illness. One of the women are sufferering from a mental illness and the other physical, and both are bery emotionally detached from their husbands. In â€Å"An Story of an Hour† Mrs. Mallard is at first devistated from her husbands death but soon realizes this means she is free from him, and in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† itRead MoreOpression and Freedom of Women in Literatu1662 Words   |  7 Pagesmarriages lead many women to feel heavily burdened, both mentally and physically. 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But which characters are really insane and what evidence is there to prove this? By using the author’s text and other credible outside sources, this paper will research the deep realms of the minds of the characters introduced in the short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† One of the most common and agreeableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper: a Stifling Relationship1609 Words   |  7 PagesHusband-Doctor: A Stifling Relationship In Gilmans the Yellow Wallpaper At the beginning of The Yellow Wallpaper, the protagonist, Jane, has just given birth to a baby boy. Although for most mothers a newborn infant is a joyous time, for others, like Jane, it becomes a trying emotional period that is now popularly understood to be the common disorder, postpartum depression. For example, Jane describes herself as feeling a lack of strength (Colm, 3) and as becoming dreadfully fretful andRead MoreEssay On The Yellow Wallpaper1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper, a short story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and published in 1892 is both haunting psychological story and a feminist masterpiece Gilman women’s rights activist writer wife and mother lived during a time when she felt women were kept in a position that prevented them from existing beyond the sphere of their home effectively hindering any kind of intellectual or creative growth marriage as a result of a sticky situation family life. Gilman felt that he could never reallyRead More The Yellow Wallpaper: A Stifling Relationship1551 Words   |  7 Pages Husband-Doctor: A Stifling Relationship In Gilman’s â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper† At the beginning of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, the protagonist, Jane, has just given birth to a baby boy. 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Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction: Tourism is one of the sectors that affect a countrys economy, socio-cultural, and environmental scenario deeply. It has both positive and negative effects of these three attributes. There are many countries, which build its economy based on the positivity this sector. Tourism has the power to create various jobs and employment opportunities in a country. The benefits of tourism pass on to the other sectors of a country, which help in overall development. This is the reason many developing countries are presently making changes in their tourism sector and taking policy measures that help the tourism sector play a part in the countrys economic and socio cultural environment. The purpose of this essay is to assess the various negative and positive effects of tourism on the host community and check whether the positive impacts outweighs the negative impacts and to what extent. For showing the impacts, Australia and Singapore, two countries from the Pacific Asia region have been chosen. The positive economic impacts on a country states that it is benefited by the tourism sector as it created more direct and indirect jobs. It reduces unemployment rate in the economy. Small-scale business industries, which are related to the tourism sector, also flourish. It also helps the governments to increase tax revenue. For example, tourism in Australia has presented 3 percent of the Gross Domestic Product of the country in financial year 2014-15. This sector contributed $47.5 billion Australian dollar to the countrys national income (Forsyth et al. 2014). As stated by Ghalia and Fidrmuc (2015), the negative impact of tourism on the other hand incorporates increasing expenditure burden on the government. The government has to use its resources in the tourism sector even though the opportunity cost may be high for investing in this sector. Other sectors, which require more resources, are overlooked due to the urgency of resources in tourism. The jobs created by the tourism depart ment are mostly seasonal and sometimes underpaid. According to Meng (2014), this way, the economy losses more than it actually gains. It also generates disguised unemployment in the economy. For example, Singapore a small country has problem of land allocation. The tourism has caused overcrowding in the country. As stated by Chang (2016), tourist shops and accommodations in the country took a huge percentage of the available land, which could be used in other sectors with less opportunity cost. It increases inefficiency in resource allocation of the economy. The tourism also affects the socio-cultural aspects of a country. The positive socio-cultural impacts are discussed first. The improvements of the countrys infrastructure done by the government to support tourism, benefits the local communities. The local community members also enjoy the leisure amenities created for the tourists. Preservation of traditional customs and cultures is encouraged by tourism. Local cultures, their traditional handicrafts and other small-scale industry products get a larger market due to tourism. The interchanges between the host community and tourists creates a better understanding of the cultures and increases global awareness of several issues like poverty, abuse of human rights, and others. For example, the indigenous people of Australia get a better recognition due to tourism. The inhumane attitude towards the aborigines from the mainlanders reduced due to the involvement of the government as it came to notice by the international tourists. There are also negative socio-cultural effects of tourism like bad behaviour by the tourists towards the people of local community. It will create hatred among different cultures and races and hampers the quality of life in the host community. New menaces and negativity might enter the host community due to tourism like racism, terrorism, drugs and alcohol problems. According to Stylidis et al. (2014), human rights also can be violated by tourism. Locals being displaced due to increased tourism are not an uncommon phenomenon in some of the developing countries. The behaviour of the tourists might affect the values of traditional cultures. For example, with the boom in the tourism sector of Australia, the security of the local communities decreased. The constant threats of terrorism from ISIS have affected the countrys security. The environmental impacts of tourism are discussed next. In the views of Vargas et al. (2014), the environmental aspects of a country are highly affected by the tourism industry. The environmental aspects mainly considers natural and ecological scenario of a country. There are many positive effects of tourism on the environment of the host country. It encourages the host communities to preserve wildlife and natural resources. Rain forests, exotic animals, and various others are there as example of wildlife and natural resources. Tourism in a country helps in generating money for maintenance of animals and wildlife. As tourism creates alternative sources of income, it reduces problems like deforestation and overfishing in a country. These are the main benefits faced by the developing countries. For example, tourism in Australia has improved its wildlife. As many tourists visit Australia to see kangaroo and marine exotics, the government puts many resources in maintaining those assets. There are various negative impacts of tourism on the environment of the host country. For example, tourism can implement harmful effects on a countrys water supply, coral reefs, beaches, forest, and heritage sites, which can be caused due to overuse. The traffic pollution can be increased due to high traffic emissions and littering. Increasing pollution and sewage production can also be caused by tourism. As stated by Mason (2015), these aspects affect a countrys environment badly as the negative impacts on the environment stays in the long run. Future generations of the host country will also be affected by the negative traits of tourism on environment. These traits can in turn affect the economy of the host country. For example, due to high number of visits in Singapore by the tourists, the traffic emission has risen. Every year the government of Singapore has to allocate a huge portion of the resources in maintaining the heritage spots in the country. According to Paramati, Alam a nd Chen (2016), the traffic emission and water pollution in the country has risen rapidly due to increased tourism in the country. The situation is shown in the following figure: As shown in the figure above, during the morning, the air is unhealthy and as time goes by the pollution standard index suggests the air goes to a hazardous state, which affects the health of the local communities negatively. The impacts of tourism in a country can play a crucial role in shaping its economy, socio-cultural and environmental scenario. The benefits of tourism a country can achieve are hard to compare to the negative effects from the countrys tourism. The economical benefits are hard to avoid. According to Garca, Vzquez and Macas (2015), the national income of a country gains a lot from tourism. It also gives jobs to the unemployed people. However, the jobs created by tourism department are mostly seasonal. It breaks the illusion of increasing jobs. Tourism brings more money to the economy, but the money mostly goes to the big companies. The locals get a little percentage of it. It does not serve the purpose of supporting tourism by the government (Boley et al. 2014). The cultural traits of the host country are valued and kept alive, are one of the positive points of tourism. However, the cultures and traditions are mixed with the same of the tourists. This goes against the efforts of the go vernments of keeping the native cultures alive. The money that the tourists give can be used to improve the situation of the host countrys natural landscape, but often it comes for a cost of the nature. The facilities that are created for the tourists can help the local people also, but it creates problems like overcrowding and traffic jams. Hence, the benefits that the host communities achieve from tourism come for a huge cost. It can create problems for the long run. This will make the local people suffer for generations. Thus, the negative effects of tourism are not totally outweighed by the positive effects as it creates long run issues for the host community. The present generation will benefit temporarily only which is not the aim of a government, but still some governments opt for it due to political and other pressures. In conclusion, it can be said that tourism brings both positive and negative impacts on the host community in economical, socio-cultural and environmental aspects. The positive impacts may seem benefiting for the host community as the results are witnessed in the short run as shown in the examples of the countries from Pacific Asia region. However, the negative impacts are mainly for the long run that not only disturbs the host communitys present generation, but also it affects the future generation heavily. Tourism creates jobs, which reduces unemployment and adds money to the host countrys national income but this is seasonal. As the tourists stop coming the people who were working in the sector will be unemployed. The changes that have been made for the tourists will not come to balance in long run hence the life of the local communities will be disrupted. It shows the statement of positive effects of tourism outweighing the negative effects in the host community not entirely true . Bibliography: Boley, B.B., McGehee, N.G., Perdue, R.R. and Long, P., 2014. Empowerment and resident attitudes toward tourism: Strengthening the theoretical foundation through a Weberian lens. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, pp.33-50. Chang, T.C., 2016. SINGAPORE TOURISM. The Routledge Handbook of Tourism in Asia. Forsyth, P., Dwyer, L., Spurr, R. and Pham, T., 2014. The impacts of Australia's departure tax: Tourism versus the economy?. Tourism Management, 40, pp.126-136. Garca, F.A., Vzquez, A.B. and Macas, R.C., 2015. Resident's attitudes towards the impacts of tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 13, pp.33-40. Ghalia, T. and Fidrmuc, J., 2015. The curse of Tourism?. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, p.1096348015619414. Mason, P., 2015. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge. Meng, X., 2014. Is a tourism subsidy the best response to the global financial crisis? A short-run CGE simulation for Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(3), pp.325-341. Paramati, S.R., Alam, M.S. and Chen, C.F., 2016. The Effects of Tourism on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions A Comparison between Developed and Developing Economies. Journal of Travel Research, p.0047287516667848. Stylidis, D., Biran, A., Sit, J. and Szivas, E.M., 2014. Residents' support for tourism development: The role of residents' place image and perceived tourism impacts. Tourism Management, 45, pp.260-274. Vargas-Snchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N. and de los ngeles Plaza-Meja, M., 2014. Residents attitude to tourism and seasonality. Journal of Travel Research, 53(5), pp.581-596.

Analysis Managing Dynamic New Melbourne Team

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Managing Dynamic New Melbourne Team. Answer: Introduction One of the essential activities of manager is forming a team to execute the task and managing the team effectively to achieve the goal and objective of the company. Effective team management is directly related with cohesive leadership, effective communication, common goal and defining roles and responsibilities of team members (Meredith, 2011). The major barrier in team management is the lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, lack of accountability and not paying attention to results. In the context of Dynamic, the team management of the new team at Melbourne is examined by task interdependence, importance of team cohesion and recommendation to manage the issue by Jeff at company. Problem associated with the lack of team cohesion within the company Task interdependence can be defined as a functional approach that explains the sharing of information, material and expertise between team members working to achieve the common goal of the team (Cannella, Park, and Lee, 2008). In the process of defining the task interdependence in some cases there is accelerated chance of conflicts between team members and it impacts the team cohesion. Team cohesion is the common bond between members of team and their joint effort to contribute to success of the team. Thus team cohesion results in better cooperation and effective performance by achieving set goal. Lack of cohesion is harmful for the health of the team and impact the performance negatively by enhancing stress and non cooperation on the part of team members (Cannella, Park, and Lee, 2008). Thus in the long run cohesion in the workplace signifies success of team while lack of cohesion signifies failure of the team thereby impacting the performance and goal of the company. In the context of Dynamic the digital strategy director Jeff formed a team of eight members to execute the Burnfit account. The team is mix of members from Dynamic and MediaHype, the new acquisition of the former in Melbourne to expand the business in Australia (Dyer, 2007). As the project was crucial, team members were assigned roles and responsibility and three deliverables identified to be achieved by month end. The reporting structure of the team members was also clarified as they were directly reporting to the director to avoid waste of time by creating additional line of reporting (Dyer, 2007). Thus every step taken to make the team perform such as effective communication, common goal and defining roles and responsibilities of team members. But the problem was team cohesion among the members of the team. The problem associated with the lack of team cohesion within the Dynamic is outlined below As the team was formed by combining the staff from two different company namely Dynamic and MediaHype, there is difference in the culture and work approach resulting in lack of trust on each other and fear of conflict. Thus in first weak every member expressed positive feedback as part of formality (Mackin, 2007). Even Jeff found flow of mails between team members indicating the team is working towards goal as is evident from the case study. The first team meeting also exhibited the same with no team members raising any issue and problem. From the cash study analysis it was evident that the team from MediaHype and Dynamic did not coordinate and support each other effectively. In the second week meeting Anjana Singh the web editor and content strategist complained that she did not get the feedback regarding the progress of new website from the Yuchou and Wen the senior digital strategy consultant (Mackin, 2007). Similarly Mike the social media manager also complained about Yuchou and Wen and stated that they were not serious about the project and informed to proceed as he feels without contributing their opinion. Similarly from the case study analysis it was evident that the Dynamic team Sydney and Dynamic team Singapore also exhibited lack of cohesion In the third week Yuchou and Wen complained that team of Sydney Franz and Amanda Junior digital strategy consultant were not fit for the job and need to be replaced (Simsek et al., 2005). They also stated both of them lacked the confidence for executing the task and disturb them by asking questions all the time. Thus it is evident from the case study analysis that there is no bonding between the team members and it resulted in lack of communication and cooperation and it is root cause of the problems associated with the lack of team cohesion within the company (Simsek et al., 2005). OB theory to analyse Dynamics problems and to formulate solution Organizational behaviour (OB) is part of human resource management and it deal with the behaviour of people at workplace with regard to their act, feeling and thought process. It explains the leadership style and motivation to address problem and solve team conflict to improve cooperation thereby promoting team effectiveness (Wright, and Nishii, 2007). OB has many theories to handle the problem of team in the workplace and they can be classified into five major theories. They are explained below This theory of OB identifies the personality of individuals such as dispositional trait and behavioural dynamics to improve the team work in the workplace (Wright, and Nishii, 2007). This theory of OB identifies the inner urge of indiviaul and uses them to improve team work in the workplace. The theory of motivation has number of sub theory such as common sense theory, expectancy theory, goal setting theory, fundamental attribution theory, Herzbergs two factor theory and Maslows hierarchy of needs theory (Burke et al., 2006). Based on the team requirement, the manager can select the appropriate theory to motivate members of team. This theory of OB identifies the Gestalt principles that shape the perceived though of an individual. It helps to address such as lack of trust, and fear of conflict in team members (Burke et al., 2006). Theories of attitudes and behaviour This theory of OB identifies aims to adjust the attitude and behaviour of individual to develop common bond (Edwards, 2009). It uses organisational behaviour modification, single and double loop learning, reinforcement theory and social cognitive theory. In the context of Dynamic where the eight members team belong to three different category namely Dynamic Singapore, Dynamic Sydney and MediaHype leading to diverse attitude and behaviour owing to the earlier workplace practice (Bowditch, Buono, and Stewart, 2007). Thus using OB theory to analyse Dynamics problems it was identified that the attitude and behaviour of team members of three different work culture was the main issue responsible for lack of team cohesion (Rollinson, 2008). It is is resulting from the lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, lack of accountability and not paying attention to results (Bowditch, Buono, and Stewart, 2007). It resulted in no cooperation and coordination between team members impacting task and performance as evident from the case analysis of problem outlined above. To formulate solution to Dynamics problems, the Theories of attitudes and behaviour is helpful. In specific organisational behaviour modification theory can be used to change the attitude and behaviour of eight individuals and cultivate a common bond and shared goal towards the Burnfit account so that they coordinate and cooperate with each other by communicating effectively and providing feedback on time to make progress in the work and achieve the target set for the job (Mullins, 2007). The manager can also use the Theories of motivation to be more specific common sense theory that not supporting each other is failure of the team and it affects every individual in the team Conclusion Thus it can be concluded form the above discussion problem associated with lack of team cohesion within the new team of Dynamic is outlined. It is mainly related with different work culture practiced by eight team members from three different group and lack of trust and fear of conflict that resulted in poor team cohesion (De and Den ,2008). Based on the OB theory, the problem identified is attitude and behavioural aspect of team members and the solution suggested is using the organisational behaviour modification theory, their attitude and behaviour changed to develop common bond and shared goals related with Burnfit account. References Bowditch, J.L., Buono, A.F. and Stewart, M.M., 2007. A primer on organizational behavior. Wiley. Burke, C.S., Stagl, K.C., Salas, E., Pierce, L. and Kendall, D., 2006. Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), p.1189. Cannella, A.A., Park, J.H. and Lee, H.U., 2008. Top management team functional background diversity and firm performance: Examining the roles of team member colocation and environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 51(4), pp.768-784. De Hoogh, A.H. and Den Hartog, D.N., 2008. Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), pp.297-311. Dyer, W.G., 2007. Team building. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Edwards, M.R., 2009. An integrative review of employer branding and OB theory. Personnel review, 39(1), pp.5-23. Mackin, D., 2007. The team building tool kit: tips and tactics for effective workplace teams. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Meredith Belbin, R., 2011. Management teams: Why they succeed or fail. Human Resource Management International Digest, 19(3). Mullins, L.J., 2007. Management and organisational behaviour. Pearson education. Rollinson, D., 2008. Organisational behaviour and analysis: an integrated approach. Pearson Education. Simsek, Z., Veiga, J.F., Lubatkin, M.H. and Dino, R.N., 2005. Modeling the multilevel determinants of top management team behavioral integration. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), pp.69-84. Wright, P.M. and Nishii, L.H., 2007. Strategic HRM and organizational behavior: Integrating multiple levels of analysis. CAHRS Working Paper Series, p.468.

The Cloud of Unknowing Essay Sample free essay sample

Most of us in this universe are trusters. Even though we have different sorts of beliefs. we believe in one powerful being – for Catholics. they called him God ; for Muslims. they called him Allah. and many other names but it refers to merely one. the 1 who is above us. Many of us wanted to see God face-to-face. We wanted to cognize him personally and sometimes we want to comprehend him to do us believe that he is true. However. God continue to be unknown. he besides continued to be a secret being but most of us believe him through his fantastic plants and great miracles. In this instance. people who genuinely believed that God truly be and he is with us wanted to portion some ideas or acquisition and comprehending God as a fantastic being who have been with us ever like the Godhead of the book The Cloud of Unknowing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cloud of Unknowing Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This book is about cognizing God through Mary. Martha and other important manifestations of God’s love. The writer showed. described. elaborated. and perceived God’s miracles. forgiveness. preaches. and love in all portion of the novel. He exhaustively described God’s actions and forgiveness through different sorts of illustrations and state of affairss of Martha and Mary. Through this. a reader of this book would larn how God works and forgive people who wanted to alter and travel back to him. In this book. Mary seemed to be the good character while Martha is the bad character but she was non that bad. it is merely that she ever complained to God for her sister Mary. The large differentiation between these two sisters was elaborated and described exhaustively through their actions and beliefs. Because the purpose of reading this book is to reflect on my personal life and my prayer life as a reader. footings such as active life. brooding life. apophatic. and cataphatic should be exhaustively defined. â€Å"The way of an active life consists of fasting. abstention. watchfulness. kneeling. supplication. and other physical characteristics composing the sound and sorrowful way which. by the word of God. leads to ageless life. †[1 ]On the other manus. harmonizing to Bishop Alexander Milieant.the brooding life consists in the head draw a bead oning to the Lord God. in consciousness of the bosom. focused supplication and in the contemplation of religious affairs through such exercisings. Harmonizing to the lexicon.apophatic agencies of or associating to the belief that God can be known to worlds merely in footings of what He is non while cataphatic is of or associating to the spiritual belief that God can be known to worlds positively or affirmatively. Personally. I can state that I am a truster but there are times when I tend to oppugn my belief towards God particularly when I have so many jobs and these jobs became a large load to me and to my household. When my jobs became more debatable and it was difficult for me to work out these jobs. I tend to go like Martha who complained to God’s credibleness and infinity. However. if my jobs are non excessively difficult and I still have the control to hold those jobs that I have. I am Mary who truly believes that God will ever be at my side no affair what happen. Apparently. most of my life is like Mary because believing God is still with me even if there are I times when I have a leaning of kicking and oppugning him about my life and my state of affairs. I am besides a cataphatic truster. I genuinely believe that God exist even if he is non with me physically. he islike a air current. you can non see it but you can experience it. [ 2 ] I may non be a perfect truster but I know t hat I believe God as my Godhead and Lord. As a Muslim. we have a important clip to pray and honour our God for his plants and miracles in our lives. Peoples knows that we all go to our mosque to praise Allah for everything but we are non like other faith who praised him through wordy supplication but we prayed to him in a quiet mode for we believed that the earnestness of our supplication comes from our Black Marias and non in our oral cavity. I am besides a brooding individual like Mary who used to believe and aware of God through my supplications and religious beliefs. Therefore. I can state that my supplication life is a quiet supplication because for me. it is more effectual instead than stating it through my oral cavity because through my quiet supplication. I can state everything and it was merely between Allah and me. Like other faiths. we Muslims have besides a important construct and images of God. Because I believe that there is God. my construct of God is the 1 who is great. loving. forgiving. omniscient. powerful. sanctum and ageless because logically. our construct of God will ever be like this and every bit long as we knew that our God has these sorts of images. we continue to believe in him. Personally. I can state that our God Allah is the brilliant one and all-knowing being because we can experience his sanctity. love. and power through his miracles and prognostication. Through our holy book. the Quran. our head. organic structure and psyche were fed by his good intelligence and instructions. Therefore. through these facets of religious growing. we felt that we are renewed and pure. This book of contemplation is merely one of many books who taught us to believe in the goodness of God and to see his love and clemency. It besides teaches us the right signifier of supplication and other of import facets of religious growing. However. the writer used deep words and it does non assist the readers to understand to the full what he was seeking to enforce and to partake in his book. The readers need to read this book many times to understand the significances of it on a little graduated table and even in the big graduated table. As a whole. even if it was excessively difficult to understand because of the words used. it was full of thoughts. perceptual experiences. and facts that helped readers to understand what life beyond and the significance of true God non merely in its name but besides through its fantastic workss and powerful plants that helped us saw the beautiful life. Beginnings: Anonymous. The Cloud of Unknowing. Harper Collins Spiritual Classics. 2000 Bishop Milient. Alexander. St. Seraphine of Sarov – Life and Teachings. ( n. d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. orthodoxphotos. com/readings/SOS/index. shtml The Holy Bible. American Bible Society. 1980 Dictionary. con Lexico Publishing Group. LLC. 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/ [ 1 ] Holy Bible: Matthew 7:14 [ 2 ] Dialogue from the film. A Walk to Remember. ( film of Mandy Moore and Shane West )

Lecture study notes Essays

Lecture study notes Essays Lecture study notes Essay Lecture study notes Essay Lecture 1: The Idea of Conservation: Humankinds knowledge brings responsibility and manages human use of the planet earth. Topics: what is conservation, history of resource conservation movements, approaches to natural resource conservation management The Great Resource is: Education; the knowledge also brings responsibility not borne by the bacteria-the responsibility to manage the human use of the planet earth argues that both the creation and decline of civilizations is related to more than resource availability-it is human kind that provides the key factor of economic evelopment-specifically the ideas and values that we use to think. What is conservation? 1 . Why should we be concerned with conservation of our natural resources? 2. At this point in time? 3. Ultimately why conserve rather than exploit? A Brief History of the Resource Conservation, Environmental, and Sustainability Movements l. Conservation in the Nineteenth Century the 1700s and 1800s were time of seemingly limitedness boundaries in the United States. -George Perkins Marsh-wrote Man and Nature in 1864, it served as a catalyst for the fledging conservation movement -John Muir-born in Scotland in 1838; in 1867, he walked from Indiana to the Gulf of Mexico; lobbied for the establishment of Yosemite and Sequoia national parks; Yellowstone (1872) and Sequoia (1890) were established because of his efforts; in 1872, he founded the Sierra Club. II. Conservation in the Twentieth Century -First wave (1901-1909) -concerned with the severe depletion of timber and the growing apprehension that resources were being grossly mismanaged, Theodore Roosevelt established a 50 member National Conservation Commission. -Gifford Pinchot-profoundly influenced the way forests are now managed; he later became the first chief of the Forest ervice. second wave (1933-1941) -FDR established a National Resources Board which completed the nations second comprehensive Natural Resources inventory; in its report, the board identified serious resource problems plaguing the country and described methods for solving them. -Examples of Roosevelts Programs -Prairie States Forestry Project (shelter belts), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), est ablished the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), and established the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the North American Wildlife and Resources Conference. Third Wave (1960-1980) the conservation movement took off-Rachael Carsons Silent Spring (1962), Paul Ehrlich wrote The Population Bomb, and Garrett Hardins The Tragedy of the Commons -in 1969 Senator Gaylord Nelson called for a nationwide environmental watch-in an attempt to marshal the energies of the nations college students to halt tne accelerating pollutlon ana oestructlon 0T tne envlronment; co-organlzea Dy Denis Hayes, the event was called Earth Day and it continues to be celebrated on April 22. The Decade of the Environment (1970-1980) -Congress responded to citizen protests by enacting many important laws to upgrade ur resources, so this decade became known as the decade of the environment Fourth Wave (1980-Present) -The Beginning of a Sustainable Revolution? from an environmental standpoint the 1980s and 1990s represe nted some of the best of time and worst of times -this was a period of intense resistance to environmental protection, especially in the United States -After suffering through a crippling period of global inflation in the late 70s and early 80s, many politicians and business leaders cast a skeptical eye on environmental protection, perceiving it as a ounterproductive to economic progress -Lester Brown wrote a book Building a Sustainable Future outlining the persistent erosion of the earths life support system and proposed a strategy for building a sustainably society Conservation- the wise use of natural resources to provide a sustained reasonable quality of living for humankind The definition raises some question: what are natural resources, what is wise, use, what does sustained mean, what constitutes a reasonable quality of living? Sustaining Natural Resources -we must find strategies to better manage both renewable and nonrenewable esources -we must consider the exhaustibility of natural resources -some like solar energy, wind, and tidal energy are inexhaustible -renewable resources are not a panacea, some can be exhausted by over exploitation and poor management practices -forests, fish, topsoil, groundwater, and many other renewable resources we depend on, can be depleted -cut down a rain forest and let the soil wash away, and you may have destroyed a valuable renewable resource forever -other nonrenewable resources are finite†such as coal†there is only so much in earths crust Approaches to natural Resource Management . Exploitation-a human-centered approach; suggests that a given resource should be used as intensively as possible to provide the greatest profit to the user: Redwood Forest, Dust Bowl days -Then early in the 1930s, an eight-year drought began, and a series of major wind storms swep t over the Great Plains and the Southwest creating huge smothering dust storms. 2. Preservation-a nature-centered approach; suggest that resources should be preserved, set aside, and protected -John Muir-founder of the Sierra Club, Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks -Earth First, wilderness 3. Utilitarian-sustained yield-approach; renewable resources should be managed so that they will never be exhausted -Gifford Pinchot leaay Roosevelt 4. Ecological or sustained approach-managing natural resources and ourselves based on ecological principles -requires a system approach -ecosystem approach -functioning ecosystems -process oriented restoration Several disciplines are important in answering these questions: -Ecology-what can be done, what kind of planet can we have? -Economics-what is economically feasible? -Politics-what is politically viable? -Ethics/theology-what ought to be done?

Jeddah Floods Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jeddah Floods Disaster - Essay Example Both the floods were associated with heavy rainfall which resulted in a rise in the level of water and therefore resulted in floods. The first flood struck Jeddah on 5 November 2009 and the second flood struck my hometown in the month of January in 2011. Many people were stranded and life came to a standstill in the city in the Jeddah which is known to be one of the most important cities of the country of Saudi Arabia. The floods of 2009 and 2011 have both been associated with heavy rainfall in the city of Jeddah. The flood that struck the city in the year 2009 brought with it more destruction and was associated with rainfall recorded to be of 90 mm volume. It was analyzed that the losses of lives was greater than one hundred in the year 2009. Bridges fell down owing to the heavy downpour and the major roads in the city were blocked and there was accumulation of water. This resulted in the deaths of many people owing to their sinking under the accumulated water on the roads as well a s due to the falling of bridges over them. The chaos also resulted in accidents which led to more fatalities. The infrastructure of the city was greatly affected and many people were stranded and did not have proper shelter left. ...The increased rainfalls were therefore associated with more intense floods. Despite of increased severity, the destruction was lesser and the numbers of deaths associated with the disaster were also not as high as those of the floods of 2009. This can be associated with the preparedness of the government due to lessons learnt from the previous flood and the methods devised by the authorities to overcome such situations. Rescue teams immediately became alert and started operating to save the people who were stranded and lift them from the high water areas. Eleven deaths were reported due to this flood and many people were wounded (Humaidan et al 2011). The floods greatly affected the normal living and day to day life of the people residing in the city. Th e roads and many houses in the city were submerged in water. Many people were missing in the floods resulting in the creation of a chaotic situation. Many people also lost their lives due to these floods. The infrastructure of the city was totally disturbed. There were power outages and many areas were reported to be suffering from shutdown of power owing to the disruptions in the power lines. This was also associated with the breakdown in the communication networks and many mobile towers were disturbed which resulted in lack of networks available for communication. The situation in the city was not minor and it took many weeks for everything to return to normal. Offices were closed and the schools were also closed down for a few days. This meant that the official work as well as the education in the city was disrupted owing to these floods (BBC News- Middle East 2009; Humaidan et al 2011).  

Catholic View of the Death Penalty Research Paper

Catholic View of the Death Penalty - Research Paper Example In 1992, the church approved the first universal catechism. According to Pope John Paul II, the text was a complete exposition of catholic doctrine. This would enable everyone to understand what the church believes, celebrates, lives and prays (Daly, Doody, and Paffenroth, pp. 50). However, the publication was revised within a short time and particularly the section dealing with the death penalty. The first section of the death penalty was based on the traditional catholic principle, which gave the death penalty a moral definition. It gave the public authority the right and duty to punish offenders with the gravity of the crime which included the death penalty. This was to redress the disorder and damage caused by the crime. However, it proposed bloodless means as a way of defending human lives against aggressors and provide public safety (Hodgkinson and Schabas, pp 97). The public authority was supposed to use bloodless means to conform to human dignity of the offender. This was the earlier catholic teaching permitting capital punishments to defend life and maintain public order. The use of bloodless means was preferred in line with Christian calling to show mercy instead of vengeance. When the catechism publication was revised in 1997, the purpose of capital punishment had been removed. The notion of capital punishment as deterrence to other capital crimes was also reduced. Prior to this release, the pope had issued a letter about human life that addressed several moral issues regarding defending human life. This letter revealed capital offender as human beings who deserved humanity and condemned death penalty. This letter had an impact on Vatican commissioners overseeing the revisions. The catechism was supposed to be a teaching guide that upholds morals to about 1.1 billion Catholics around the world. The argument of the death penalty as a protection of public order was scrubbed and justified with the defense of human life against aggressors. Death penalty could only be used to protect the society from capital criminals (Owens, Carlson, and Elshtain, pp. 60). The document provided a restricted application of the death penalty and the cases requiring execution were very few or nonexistent. This issue was given a broader discussion of legitimate defense and human morality. The public authority had to respect personal and social rights of the criminal. Criminals were also provided with the opportunity to regain their freedom by including remedies for both the offender and the criminals. The church had considered introducing morality on the death penalty before the first catechism publication. Biblical convictions about good and evil, sin and redemption, justice and mercy acted as the basis for shifting the view of the death penalty. According to the bible, life is a precious gift from God and human beings were created in God’s image. Jesus was crucified between two capital criminals as a way of redeeming human beings. Individuals who deny the dignity of fellow humans required dignity as a gift from God rather than something earned through behavior. However, the Law of Moses in the Old Testament prescribes death for about thirty six offenses (Campbell, pp. 15). Early Catholic Christians used this justification to punish capital offenders by convicting them to death. Biblical excerpts such as a limb for limb, tooth for tooth, and eye

The development of petroleum refinery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The development of petroleum refinery - Essay Example of the first oil well in 1859 at the state of Pennsylvania where developing larger-scale processing systems were sought to refine massive quantities â€Å"rock oil†. Basically, petroleum refinery is established to perform the core duty of fundamental distillation by which the components of ‘crude oil’ are separated into fractions when crude oil is heated in the distillation column after which different hydrocarbon products may be obtained at varying temperatures. Under low temperatures conditions, light distillates at the top of the column include liquid petroleum gases (LPG), ‘straight run’ gasoline, and naphtha. Out of the middle streams are recovered moderately heavy products such as kerosene and jet fuel whereas the through column’s bottoms are distilled the heaviest of yield being the residual fuel oil. Since production is chiefly concerned with an optimum output, schematic plant and equipment designs for refinery are developed such that desired products are maximized at minimum operating costs as much as possible. On this ground, certain refineries customize plant structure in such fashion as to recycle streams particularly those at the bottom to be fed back to lines where lighter products are processed in order that heavy distillates may be taken advantage of further upon conversion to less heavy form. Manufacturers may also opt to decide on the feasibility of adjusting other factors that directly or indirectly impact the efficiency of distillation such as the number of column plates or stages, the type, design, or number of auxiliary equipments used if necessary, and more essentially, a strategic approach with separating components to remedy relatively close boiling points for the purpose of increasing percent purity of the desired yield. Moreover, refineries of crude petroleum have become enhanced through a system of downstream processing facilities utilized to change the molecular structure of the input whether by catalytic or non-catalytic

Community Care for Substance Misuse | Evaluation

Community Care for Substance Misuse | Evaluation From a service users perspective, critically evaluate people with substance misuse who live in supported housing. Introduction This paper discusses some salient aspects of community care of people with substance misuse who live in supported housing in the UK. Some of the issues that would be discussed include community care provisions with reference to legislative enactments; policy and practice initiatives in service sectors; a short review of the developments of community care policy and practice; an evaluation of the experiences of community care in a district and on different service users and carers– all these keeping in mind the requirement of anti-oppressive practice in working with service users and carers in community care. To keep the arguments within the ambit of the meaning and implications of the topic of discussion, and to impart clarity and precision to them, it is thought prudent to define at the outset the terms and concepts used in the course of discussion. A contextual definition of ‘service users’ adopted from the one given by Hanley et al in their 2003 INVOLVE report is that ‘service users’ are ‘patients; unpaid carers; parents/guardians; users of health services; disabled people; members of the public who are the potential recipients of health promotion/public health programmes; groups asking for research because they believe they have been exposed to potentially harmful circumstances, products or services; groups asking for research because they believe they have been denied products or services from which they believe they could have benefited; organisations that represent service users and carers† (Hanley, B et al, 2003, p.13). The words or the phras e â€Å"substance misuse† means the use of illegal drugs, or the improper use of alcohol, or prescribed medication, or over-the-counter medicines, or volatile substances such as aerosols and glue. ‘Substance misuse’ has become as much a serious problem among older adults as among the young; causing physical and mental health problems for them. Substance misuse has also the wider impact of affecting not only the lives of those directly involved but also those of their families and the communities in which they live. Gavin defines supported housing as â€Å"accommodation wherereceipt of housing supportservices is a condition of residence† (Gavin, n. d.) He continues to say that such â€Å"accommodationcan be grouped individual self-contained flats, or may be shared housing, with or without shared communal facilities. Support staff may be based on-site or be visiting staff. This type of housing is usually provided for groups of people with similar needs, e.g . older people, homeless people, people with mental health problems or those recovering from alcohol problems. People can live in supported housing for varying lengths of time, dependent on their individual needs and the type of service† (Gavin, n.d). Government Policy in respect of service and care In one of its published documents (DH 2002), the Department of Health has given detailed guidance about the regulation on ‘Supported Housing and Care Homes’. The document begins by saying that â€Å"Government policy for community care aims to promote independence, while protecting service users’ safety† (DH 2002). Contextually, here ‘independence’ would obviously imply the freedom for individuals to choose on their own the housing, the care and support, including the embedded choices in respect of risk and protection. One objective of the Care Standards Act, 2000 has been to ensure high standards of care and to protect vulnerable people. The Act, however, has not changed the definition of a care home and matters implicit in that definition. â€Å"In respect of personal care the specified types of care include assistance in physical activities such as feeding, bathing, toileting, and dressing; in non-physical tasks such as encouragement, advic e and supervision relating to physical activities; and emotional and psychological support in social functioning, behaviour management, and assistance with cognitive functions† (DH 2002). Anti-oppressive stance in service users and carers in community care In a multi-racial and multicultural society such as that of the UK, it is imperative that service users and carers should rise above common prejudices and discriminatory practices to be true to the requirements of their profession. To assist voluntary adherence to such practices, the UK has enacted legislation mandating anti-discriminatory practices in the provision of ‘social services’ and care facilities. This requirement is incorporated in the Sex Equality Act 1975, the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Children Act 1989; and reinforced by other legislations such as the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Race Relations Amendment Act 2000 and the Human Rights Act 1998. Anti-oppressive practice demands knowledge of the legislation and an understanding of the personal values of service users. An Open University document says that some of the ways in which anti-oppressive practice enter into practice include â€Å"‘colour-blindness’ (or blindness to other aspects of identity): ‘multi-culturalism’: thinking that it is enough to learn about other people’s culture and to celebrate diversity without examining our own attitudes; concentration on one aspect of identity to the exclusion of others; failing to ask service users how they like to be thought of, in other words asking them to define their own identity; cultural relativism: excusing abusive or criminal behaviour on the grounds of culture or other aspects of identity; failing to act for fear of being thought racist (or sexist, ageist or disablist). Social workers need to examine and question the sources and nature of their own power and the ways in which this is exercised in their relations with children and families and service users† (OUL, p. 107). It is also necessary to encourage the use and implementation of the GSCC’s Codes of Practice to social care workers, service users and carers (GSCC, 2002). Service users relation with anti-oppression practices (AOP) need a little further elaboration, as it is a much debated issue and an equally ‘sore’ one in the repertory of the social workers’ kitty. It can be said that in recent years public conscience has been outraged at an all-pervasive emergence of AOP in the work of service users and a simultaneous emergence of the ‘philosophy of ‘anti-oppressive practice’ in social work challenging discrimination in all forms and along all lines of disparity, including race or ethnicity, culture, sexuality, gender, disability and age. It is to the credit of ‘social work providers’ to have pioneered this development and to come in for the brunt of much criticism (Wilson and Beresford, 2000). We find that in 1970 an influential document, The Client Speaks did not include in its sample service users people not born in the UK â€Å"since the reaction of ‘non-natives’ to social work ar e likely to be complicated by cultural differences, language problems and so forth† (Meyer and Timms, 1970). However, despite social work’s ‘commitment’ to AOP policies and practices, equal access to services and support, and the provision of â€Å"culturally appropriate services and support have continued to be qualified† (Watson and Riddell, 2003). Inadequate access, or repeated denial of it, to important social work and social care services were reported by minority ethnic service users, who also said to have been ‘pushed’ as it were to the use of less valued areas of intervention in care services (Beresford and others, 1987; Vernon,  1996). Morris (1996) says that there is a wide prevalence of ‘inappropriate assumptions about BME (Black and Minority Ethnic) service users’; â€Å"for example, the levels of informal support available to them, continue to be reported (Morris, 1996). Some issues relating to refugees and asylum seekers, â€Å"where social work may be expected to be part of the policing and control processes introduced where citizen rights have not been granted or have been refused† were also said to worrying issues. (Shah, 1995). Other issues pointed out by service users in which they experience problems relate to their social work practice on the basis of gender, disability and age (Morris, 1991). Another issue concerning community care, although not directly related to AOP, has been the ‘inordinate pressure’ for people to be placed in residential care. Large number of people is estimated to be living in such provisions and they include older people and disabled people of younger age, who according to service users could be supported to live in their own homes n accordance with the objectives of the community care paradigm. Along with the increase in the number of people in supported housing, another development has been that the service users have been able to impact on policy (Thompson, 1991). This has been evident from the introduction of direct payments schemes with new legislation in 1997 (Glendinning and others, 2000). People receiving direct payments have steadily increased in number along with the expansion of the range of service users receiving direct payments. (example, Newbigging with Lowe, 2005). It may be recalled that direct payments were pioneer by the disabled people’s movement. The aim was to put the individuals who received support to be in charge of the cash that the support would cost; and for them to decide on what support they wanted; from where to have that support (from disabled people’s organizations, for instance); to initiate and run such schemes; and for the support to be sufficient to make it possible for them to have ‘independent living’; that is to say for people to live their lives as far as possible on equal terms to non-disabled people or non-service users (Barnes, 1993). Direct payments scheme, however, met with serious problems and obstacles which undermined it. Local Authorities officials opposed it because they in the scheme a steep erosion of their control over their own services. In many instances the prescribed budgetary limits have meant that direct payments have often not been sufficient to ensure independent living. Further, â€Å"frequently there has not been equity between service users; the process of assessment has continued to be dominated by traditional professional values, direct payments appear often to have been understood officially in consumerist terms (as if people were just buying services), rather than as a means of empowerment, requiring infrastructural support; and contracts have increasingly been placed away from disabled people’s  organisations to commercial organisations which have undercut them and offered an inferior service. The cumulative effect has been to subvert direct payments as a truly different approach to personal and social support (Beresford and others, 2005). The government has reiterated its policy of individualised approaches to support a central plank in social care policy by bringing together different funding agencies to provide support for service users (Duffy, 2004, 2006). Care-service in Bradford To examine a representative district-centred programme to tackle the ‘evil’ of alcohol misuse, a brief account of the Bradford district’s ‘alcohol harm reduction strategy’ is considered here. According to a ‘Draft Status Report’ on the subject,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bradford is in the highest (worst) quartile for all three types of alcohol-related crime (all crimes; violent offences; sexual offences) included in the 2006 Local Alcohol Profiles for England (NWPHO). The number of all crimes in Bradford attributable to alcohol in both 2004-5 and 2005-6 was just over 12 per 1000, down from nearly 15 per 1000 in 2003-4; alcohol related violent offences for all three years was fairly stable at between 8 and 9 per 1000 population. Alcohol-related sexual offences increased significantly in 2005-6 to a three-year high of around 0.16 per 1,000 (NWPHO, 2006 – this data is based on the Government Strategy Unit’s formula for alcohol attributable fra ctions for each crime, which was developed from survey data on arrestees who tested positive for alcohol). 20% of Penalty Notices for Disorder (PNDs) issued by WY Police in 2004 to 16 and 17-year olds, and 24% of those to adults, were for alcohol-related disorders† (Smith, 2006). To tackle this problem of alcohol misuse Bradford District has put in place ‘the Bradford District Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy’ based on the 2004 National strategy for the purpose. The Bradford Strategy has the objective of â€Å"continually reducing alcohol misuse and the personal and social harms it causes, so enabling ever-increasing numbers of Bradford residents and visitors to live healthy and fulfilling lives, free from crime, disorder, intimidation, anti-social behaviour and avoidable health problems† (Smith 2006). Specifically the strategy aims to â€Å"reduce the number of people who drink alcohol above recommended limits; to reduce alcohol-related crime, disorder, nu isance and anti-social Behaviour; to reduce the harm caused by alcohol misuse within families; to reduce the prevalence of harmful drinking by children and young people aged under-18; to reduce alcohol-related accidents and fires; and to ensure that Bradford City Centre and outer town and village centres are areas that the local population and visitors can enjoy without fear of alcohol-related violence and victimization† (Smith 2006). The Bradford Metropolitan District Council APA Impact Analysis 2007, says that â€Å"134 young people in substance misuse treatment (April – Feb 07) shows 54 YP currently  Receiving substance misuse treatment from Specialist CAMHS [Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Service]; 100% of young offenders are screened for substance misuse in 2006/07, and 92.9% of those testing positive were referred for specialist assessment, an improvement of 16.4% on the previous year. The figure for entry to treatment also increased by 9.6%. In 06/07 there have been 4 substance related admissions to hospital in young people aged under19 years mirroring figures for 2005/06† {Bradford Metropolitan District Council APA Impact Analysis, 2007). Development of community care policy The UK community care policy is based on three planks of ‘autonomy’, ‘empowerment’ and ‘choice’ (Levick 1992). There have been disputes going on since the introduction of the NHS and Community Care Act (1990). On the one hand, the Act and its policy guidance have been seen as a significant development in the care reform for older people. Three factors have contributed to the enactment of the legislation: first ‘the marketisation’ of the public sector from 1979 onwards (Means and Smith 1997); second, in theory, joint planning between health and social services promoted integrated and multidisciplinary community services; in practice, such arrangements failed to realise such services and were criticised as pedestrian and patchy; and third, the government policy of privatisation encouraged people to enter private residential homes through a system of social security financing different from that of local and health authorities. (Mooney 1997). This policy essentially channelled public sector funds into the private institutional sector while leaving the domiciliary sector chronically under-resourced. It is the older people who were adversely affected in a serious manner by the policies of the 1980s in respect of community care. The Audit Commission (1986) pointed out the principal fallacy of the perverse fina ncial incentive which supported the development of private institutional care at the expense of community care, through the income support system. In 1989 government accepted the findings of the Griffiths Report of 1988 and came out with a three-pronged policy: user choice, non-institutional services promotion, and targeting. In 1990, the Community Care Act was put on the statute book. Conclusion In concluding this essay it may be recalled that this paper has been an exercise in delineating some important aspects and issues relating to people with substance misuse who live in supported housing in UK. In the course of discussion issues relating to the various concepts and concerns of the subject matter of the discourse have been explored and analysed. It was seen that service users want to see social work which will be non-discriminatory and which will intervene on their behalf, offer support to secure their rights and needs. It has also been seen argued that â€Å"social work could be more effective in safeguarding service users (both adults and children) from the risks that they currently encounter in the social care system, including serious risks of neglect, abuse, denial of rights, bullying, racism, etc† (Beresford and others, 2005; Branfield and others, 2005). References Audit Commission (1996) Balancing the Care Equation: Progress with Community Care, HMSO, London. Barnes, C. (1993), Making Our Own Choices: Independent living, personal assistance and disabled people, Derby, British Council of Organisations of Disabled People. Beresford, P. Shamash, 0. Forrest, V. Turner, M. and Branfield, F. (2005), Developing Social Care: Service users’ vision for adult support (Report of a consultation on the future of adult social care), Adult Services Report 07, London, Social Care Institute for   Excellence in association with Shaping Our Lives. Bradford Metropolitan District Council APA Impact Analysis, (2007): at www.bradford.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/7697DD51-729F-45D6-BF6E/0/BradfordMDCImpactAnalysis2007FinalVersion.pdf [accessed Oct. 26. 2008] Branfield, F. Beresford, P. Danagher, N. and Webb, R. (2005), Independence, Wellbeing And Choice: A response to the Green Paper on Adult Social Care: Report of a consultation with service users, London, National Centre for Independent Living and Shaping Our Lives. DH (2002); Department of Health: â€Å"Supported Housing and Care Homes Guidance on Regulation†; File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat; at www.cat.csip.org.uk/_library/docs/Housing/supportedhsgandcarehomes.pdf/ [accessed Oct. 26, 2008] Duffy, S. (2004) In Control, Journal of Integrated Care Vol 12, No 6, December 2004, pp 19-23. Duffy, S. (2006) The implications of individual budgets, Journal of Integrated Care Vol 14, No 2, April 2006, pp 7-13 Galvin, John: â€Å"Supported Housing: Definition†; at www.thehousekey.org/jargon-supported-housing.aspx/ [accessed Oct.25, 2008] Glendinning, C. Halliwell, S. Jacobs, S. Rummery, K. and Tyrer, J. (2000), Buying Independence: Using direct payments to integrate health and social services, Bristol, Policy Press Griffiths, Sir R (1988) Community Care: Agenda for Action, HMSO, London. GSCC (200) General Social Care Council: Codes of Practice for Employers of Social Care Workers, London, GSC Hanley, B et al (2003): â€Å"Involving the public in NHS, public health, and social care research: Briefing notes for researchers† (second edition), INVOLVE at www.invo.org.uk/pdfs/Briefing Note Final.dat.pdf [accessed Oct.25, 2008] Levick, P (1992) The Janus face of community care legislation: An opportunity for Radical Opportunities in Critical Social Policy, Issue 34, Summer 1992, pp.76-81. Mayer, J.E. and Timms, N. (1970): The Client Speaks: Working class impressions of casework: London, Routledge and Kegan Paul Mooney, KM (1997): â€Å"Preoperative Management of paediatric patient†; Plastic Surgical Nursing Journal, 17(2) 69-71. Morris, J. (1991), Pride Against Prejudice, London, Women’s Press. Morris, J. (editor), (1996), Encounters With Strangers: Feminism and disability, London, Women’s Press. Newbigging, K. with Lowe, J. (2005), Direct Payments And Mental Health: New Directions, York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation in association with Pavilion Publishing and Research into Practice. OUL: Open University Learning: â€Å"Anti-oppressive practice†: File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat – http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/file.php/3499/K113_1_PracticeCards_p105-112.pdf / [accessed Oct.26, 2008] Powell. Jason L (1990): â€Å"The NHS and Community Care Act (1990) in the United Kingdom: A Critical Review† Centre for Social Science, Liverpool John Moores University, UK Shah, R. (1995), The Silent Minority: Children with disabilities in Asian families, London, National Children’s Bureau. Smith, Nina (2006), Senior Policy Officer, Bradford District Council: â€Å"Status Draft for Consultation; Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy For Bradford District†; at www.bradford.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2EDEB823-302B-4352/0/AlcoholHarmReductionStrategyconsultationDraft070 [accessed Oct. 25, 2008] Thompson, C. (editor), (1991), Changing The Balance: Power and people who use services, Community Care Project, London, National Council for Voluntary Organisations Vernon, A. (1996), A Stranger In Many Camps: The experience of disabled black and ethnic women, in Morris, J. (editor), Encounter With Strangers: Feminism and disability, London, Women’s Press. Watson, N. and Riddell, S. (editors), (2003), Disability, Culture And Identity, Harlow, Pearson Education. Wilson, A. and Beresford, P. (2000), Anti-Oppressive Practice: Emancipation or appropriation?, British Journal of Social Work, No. 30, pp553-573.

President Lincolns Struggle With His Cabinet Essay -- American Americ

President Lincoln's Struggle With His Cabinet Abraham Lincoln is regarded by many historians as the greatest president ever to stand at America's helm. This reputation is extremely well deserved, as Lincoln was able to preserve the Union and gain victory in the civil war, despite his fighting an uphill battle against his own presidential cabinet. Had he not been struggling against this divided government, President Lincoln could have achieved victory with extreme efficiency and a minimum of wanton bloodshed (Angle 659). After Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, he was forced to battle a split cabinet because of campaign promises made to various Republican factions, which made it almost mandatory for certain individuals to be appointed to cabinet posts. He ruled his cabinet with an iron hand, and often acted without cabinet consent or advice. Although his opponents called his method of rule "dictatorial" and "unconstitutional," it was the only effective way to get anything done (Simmons 142). In the beginning, Lincoln's secretar... President Lincoln's Struggle With His Cabinet Essay -- American Americ President Lincoln's Struggle With His Cabinet Abraham Lincoln is regarded by many historians as the greatest president ever to stand at America's helm. This reputation is extremely well deserved, as Lincoln was able to preserve the Union and gain victory in the civil war, despite his fighting an uphill battle against his own presidential cabinet. Had he not been struggling against this divided government, President Lincoln could have achieved victory with extreme efficiency and a minimum of wanton bloodshed (Angle 659). After Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, he was forced to battle a split cabinet because of campaign promises made to various Republican factions, which made it almost mandatory for certain individuals to be appointed to cabinet posts. He ruled his cabinet with an iron hand, and often acted without cabinet consent or advice. Although his opponents called his method of rule "dictatorial" and "unconstitutional," it was the only effective way to get anything done (Simmons 142). In the beginning, Lincoln's secretar...

A rough background on Aquinas

Acquiring the famous reputation as the â€Å"angelic teacher† among the rest of the medieval philosophers because of his overwhelmingly influential and prominent struggle in brilliantly standing on guard the Christian theology during his time which was saw one of the heights of the attacks on Christianity, Thomas Aquinas made use of human reason in resolving the criticisms that beset the Christian Church. Resorting to human rationality and argumentation in providing a substantial justification for the Christian doctrines that meddled specifically on the existence of God symbolized a staunch deviation from the tradition that preoccupied the minds of thinkers during the medieval period. His efforts at utilizing the Aristotelian concepts on metaphysics and epistemology alongside with reason roughly highlights his firm belief that even with the sufficiency of simple faith in establishing religious principles and the very existence of God the role of rational thinking in the strictest sense of the word can all the more fairly demonstrate the basic principles of the Christian faith. One of the most prominent arguments Aquinas proposed is his Five Ways to prove God’s existence. Although Aquinas’ attempt at proving the existence of God has startling parallels to that of Anselm’s Ontological Argument, the former claims that the argument of the latter thinker is unacceptable for the reason that man cannot explicitly demonstrate the existence of God whose nature is beyond the immediate knowledge of man through the straightest means (Oppy). Utilizing what seems to be a sprouting method of his time, Aquinas attempts at filling the structure of the Christian faith by embracing the field of rationality along with faith as the backdrop of his arguments. The Five Ways First of the arguments raised by Aquinas is the argument for The Unmoved Mover. At the center of this argument is the premise that no object moves without a mover, or that all objects move because of a mover in the sense that the leaves of the trees rustle because they are moved by the wind; that the balls in the billiard table collide with other balls or move around the table because of the force delivered through the cue stick. A hundred other more examples can be provided. Nevertheless the very essence of all these illustrations is that no object moves without a mover. Apparently, all the examples eventually lead to an infinite regress where no end can be perceived at first. However, Aquinas tells us that this is not really an infinite regress for there has to be the presence of a first mover which initiated the series of â€Å"movements†. At this point, Aquinas proceeds to remove the infinite regress by arguing that the first mover is God. In a seemingly parallel argument, Aquinas’ second argument rests heavily on cause and effect relation. That is, nothing is caused by itself. In other words, each and every effect ultimately boils down to a certain cause, or that it is of necessity that every effect for it to be an effect in the strictest sense has to be caused by something right at the onset of it being an effect. Again, it might be observed that a line of argument leads to an infinite regress. However, it is not the case for an ultimate cause above anything else has to be responsible for the chain of causes and effects. For that matter, Aquinas resolves the regress by arguing that the first cause is God. This is the uncaused cause argument. The third way offered by Aquinas in primarily proving the existence of God is the cosmological argument. At the core of this argument is the reference to time wherein material objects have not yet come into physical existence. All the objects that we may know today are virtually inexistent at such point in time. However, Aquinas goes on to argue that since all material objects already exist, there ought to be or have been something immaterial or non-physical which brought these objects into physical existence. In essence, Aquinas claims that God is the non-physical entity which brought about the material existence of these objects. Another argument which Aquinas tries to raise is the argument from degree. This argument apparently focuses its premises on certain variations of comparisons between qualities among men and other objects thereby providing a sort of background for yet another claim that all objects in the world, in their numerous manifestations, greatly differ and outweigh any traceable similarity that may hold them together. Thus, individuals may greatly differ in virtues, with one being an altruist and the rest vicious criminals aimed at furthering their personal ends. Nevertheless, even if people vary in these aspects, the contrast between them can only be achieved if we note of a certain referential point for all the degrees of comparison. The reference, then, should be one which is imminently a perfect maximum and that this maximum cannot possibly rest among men themselves. Hence, God is the perfect standard for all comparisons and is the ultimate reference. Lastly, Aquinas raises the teleological argument which is essentially the argument that seeks to prove the existence of God using the perceived design of the objects in the world. If we are to look upon the structure of the things we may either directly or indirectly perceive in the world, it will eventually dawn upon our thoughts that everything has been designed in such and such ways, serving various purposes that are derived from the very configuration of things. Similarly, it can be inferred from such premise that, since everything is so designed accordingly, there ought to be a designer of all these things which is a necessity which follows from the given observation on the design of things. The designer, as Aquinas argues, is God. Aquinas and human knowledge: faith and reason For Aquinas, knowledge is the comprehension of the supreme principles of being which define the very inseparable essences of the ultimate understanding of man—that of the sophia and phronesis. While the former is very much concerned with the individual’s intellectual capacity to exercise speculative thinking or understanding, the latter is primarily concerned with the aligning of the individual’s life in line with its fitting end through the role of practical wisdom. These two are inherently mutual in conception and are basically brought together in man’s attempt at arriving at the knowledge of everything. Moreover, this attempt of man in obtaining knowledge requires the aid of the Divine in such a way â€Å"that the intellect may be moved by God to its act.† Nevertheless Aquinas maintains that man by himself alone has the intrinsic and innate ability to grasp the knowledge of many things even without the special divine revelation. More specifically, natural revelation— ­revelations obtained through reason—is the truth which, due to man’s inherent human nature, is made accessible to each and every man. On the other hand, supernatural revelation allows man to comprehend the knowledge on the details of the existence and attributes of God requiring not merely reason but also faith. It should be noted that Aquinas is not entirely disproving the role of reason in arriving at the comprehension of things. Quite on the contrary, Aquinas strongly argues for the primal role of reason in arriving at knowledge. Nevertheless, even if he ascribes a premium weight on the significance of rationality, he qualifies this claim by stating that faith still holds central importance, specifically in acquiring knowledge of the existence of God and several other religious matters. It appears quite obvious, then, that the philosophy of Aquinas in addressing the inquiry on human knowledge of the world cannot be entirely separated from a religious perspective. In explaining the nature of man’s knowledge and how one is able to grasp an understanding of the universe, Aquinas reinforces his arguments at the bottom by infusing a religious strand in the heaps of his epistemological and metaphysical inquiry. Aquinas on Aristotle The philosophy of Aquinas, in its very focal point, is seen to be heavily tainted with the philosophy of Aristotle. Much of this claim, for one reason, rests on the historical perspective wherein several of the writings on the philosophy of Aristotle eventually reached the shores of Europe during the time of the Crusades. The ancient texts were then a part of French as well as Italian universities and institutions of education around the middle part of the thirteenth century. Like Aristotle, Aquinas himself agrees and proposes the claim that man is in fact a rational animal wherein man is able to grasp an understanding of the world and to arrive at knowledge of the Divine through this reason. Though man is an entity imbued with reason, man can merely arrive at such a comprehension of the universe through empirical means. That is, man is capable of grasping knowledge of the world through his sensory experience. As Thomas Aquinas states, â€Å"whatever is known is known in the manner in which man can know it.† Mortimer Adler argues that for the most part, Aquinas and Aristotle agree on several points. First, they both agree that the form of the state of affairs of material composites, which can be made known, must be received by the knower with the form detached from the corporeal substance. Consequently, by possessing the power to acquire such forms in such a way grants the idea that the knower is â€Å"potentially a knower† and is actualized when the knower receives these forms. Among other similarities in the ideas that exist between Aquinas and Aristotle, both in general put centrality on the rationality of man and the role of experience or sensory perception in acquiring or knowing objects. Owing much of the philosophical content of Aquinas’ ideas from Aristotle, the former has a strong belief that reason and human experience can lead man to realizing and understanding the universe and, consequently, the existence of God. And at the time where philosophy is closely knitted to religious matters, Aquinas sought to further reinforce his arguments by injecting Aristotelian philosophy for rationality during the medieval times was one of the factors that seek to explain the universe from a point of view detached from any religious ascription. Thus, Aquinas appears to have ‘Christianized Aristotle’ in the sense that the former made much use of the latter’s philosophy in a context slanted towards religion. (Jenkins) On theoretical knowledge Aquinas conceived of theoretical knowledge as something which is the result of human rationality juxtaposed with sensory observation. That is, one can arrive at theoretical knowledge primarily through an observation of one’s world and arrive at a logical structure and correlation of these things through the functioning of reason. Though Aquinas may direct us to the premise that this rationality of man is imbued to all men by God, nevertheless this same rationality alongside with sensory perception addresses the question on how men are able to satisfy his inquiries on matters which are at first unknown to him. For example, one may acquire the theoretical knowledge on the how the tides of the oceans rise and fall through visual perception first and foremost which later on proceeds with the functioning of reason in attaching causal relations to the observed phenomenon. A similar view can also be held towards volcanic activity, rise and fall of economic activity, and many others. Bibliography Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Gaarder, Jostein. Sophie's World. Reissue ed: Berkley, 1996. Jenkins, John I. â€Å"Intellectus Principorum.†Ã‚   Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 101-61. Oppy, Graham. â€Å"Some Historical Considerations.†Ã‚   Ontological Arguments and Belief in God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 4-46.      

Teamwork Icebreaker Games and Excercises

Teamwork Icebreaker Games and Excercises Icebreakers are exercises that are designed to facilitate interactions. They are often used at meetings, workshops, classrooms, or other group functions to introduce people who dont know each other, spark conversations among people who dont typically converse or help people learn  how to work together. Icebreakers are usually formatted as a game or exercise so that everyone can relax and fun. Some icebreakers also have a competitive element.   Why Icebreakers Help With Team Building Icebreakers games and exercises can help with team building when they require everyone in the group to work together to accomplish a specific task or goal. For example, the group may have to work together to conceptualize and implement a strategy to achieve the task. This sort of teamwork can improve communication among group members and may even help to energize and motivate a team.   Every Team Needs a Leader Icebreakers can also break down barriers among participants who are at different places in the chain of command in an organization - such as a supervisor and the people they supervise. People who normally dont take the lead on a team may have an opportunity to do so during an icebreaker game. This is empowering for many people and may help to identify people in the group with leadership capability and potential.   Teamwork Icebreaker Games The  icebreaker games shown below can be used for both large and small groups. If you have a relatively large group, you may want to consider splitting the attendants into several smaller groups. Although each game is different, they all have a common goal: get the group to complete a task within a specific amount of time. If you have more than one group, you can add a competition element to the game by seeing which team can complete an assigned task the fastest. Sample tasks to try: Build a house of cards using 10 cards.Form a line according to height (tallest to shortest or shortest to tallest).Think up and write down 20 words that start with the letter T.Create and write down 5 questions that have the same answer. After the icebreaker game ends, ask the teams to describe the strategy they used to work together and accomplish the task. Discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of the strategy. This will help all of the group members learn from each other. As you play more and more icebreaker games, you will notice that the group tries to hone their strategies to improve from one game to the next.   More Icebreaker Games for Teams A couple of  other icebreaker games that you might want to try to encourage teamwork and team building include: Team Building Puzzler - This game encourages multiple teams to compete against each other in a puzzle building competition.The Ball Game - This classic group icebreaker is a great way to help people in small or large groups build trust and get to know each other better.

leisure and entertainment essays

leisure and entertainment essays In meiner Freizeit spiele ich FuBball , Kricket und Tennis. Ich hore Musik wenn Eminem singt.Am wochenende treffe ich mich mit meiner freunden und wir spielen FuBball und wir fahren rad. Ich bin sehr sportlich. Ich spiele FuBball, Tennis, Kricket, Tischtennis, Basketball und Hockey. Fruher habe ich fur die Schulmannschaft gespielt aber ich spiele nicht jetzt. Ich spiele nicht in einem Klub. Ich bin nicht so musikalisch aber ich hore Musik. Ich hore Dr DRE und Eminem gern. Ich gehe ins kino einmal pro woche um film zu sehen. Ich habe Scary Movie gern gesehen. Der letzte film, den ich gesehen habe war Any Given Sunday mit Cameron Diaz und LL.Cool.J. Ich gehe in schwimmbad einmal pro woche um zu schwimmen. Ich sehe jeden tag zwischen 5 bis 7 fern. Ich sehe Neighbours und Eastenders weil sie sehr interessant sind. Am wochenende gehe ich mit meinen freunden aus. Wir treffen uns bei mir zu Hause. Dann wir gehen zum Park um FuBball zu spielen. Letztes wochenende bin ich nach Springfield Park gegangen. Wir haben FuBball gespielt und chips gegessen. In den Sommer machen wir Familienausfluge nach Birminghham und Manchester. In Hackney kann man in Park FuBball spielen, schwimmen gehen, ins Kino gehen und Radfahren. Freizeit ist wichtig weil man viel Stress hat in der schule. Ich wurde nach Amerika flieigen, wenn ich die ganze woche frei hatte. Ich will meine Kousin besuchen. Das letzte Buch, das ich gelesen habe war Harry Potter von JK Rowling und es war langweilig. ...